2024 – Question 1 1 Which statement best characterizes the assertions of the logarithmic logistic models of societal development contained in both the

Economics 50 Multiple Choice Questions – 2024

Question 1

1. Which statement best characterizes the assertions of the logarithmic-logistic models of societal development contained in both the charts from Raskin et al. in the lecture and Turner and McCandless (2004) “How Humankind Came to Rival Nature”?

 

   

Contemporary environmental degradation will likely doom all societies to failure

   

Because humans have always impacted their environment there is no need to be concerned about contemporary environmental change

   

Human-caused transformation of the environment is an entirely new feature of the industrial revolution

   

We are now at the beginning of a new stage of social, cultural, and technological development that could lead to new environmental challenges as well as better understanding of the human-environment condition

 

1 points

 

Question 2

1. Which regions of the world currently have the lowest percentage of urban population?

 

   

Sub-saharan Africa and south Asia

   

Sub-Saharan Africa and South America

   

South Asia and southern Europe

   

South Asia and South America

1 points

 

 

Question 3

1. In the European enlightenment formulation, women, indigenous people, and nature are

 

   

feminized and exploitable objects

   

active and thinking subjects

   

feminized and sacred objects

   

life-giving and fearful subjects

1 points

 

 

Question 4

1. In terms of world population censuses, the definition of urban

   

is singularly defined and established by the U.N.

   

defines any place with a population of 10,000 people or more

   

defines all places where residents are not primarily engaged in agricultural activities

   

varies from country to country

1 points

 

 

Question 5

1. The oceans cover about what percent of the earth’s surface?

 

   

71%

   

50%

   

30%

   

95%

1 points

 

 

Question 6

1. Whereas the I=PAT equation suggests that the higher a country’s affluence or income the higher that country’s environmental impact, Kuznets Curves suggest that

 

   

as per-capita income increases the environment worsens, until reaching a maximum carrying capacity and leading to societal collapse

   

as per-capita income increases population and technology increase at a steady rate, reflecting the increasing need to innovate and find solutions to environmental problems.

   

as per-capita income increases the environment worsens, until reaching a turning point beyond which as per-capita income continues to increase the environment improves (a bell curve)

   

as per-capita income increases population and food production increase at a steady rate, reflecting the increasing purchasing power of individual consumers (a linear progression)

1 points

 

 

Question 7

1. In terms of the Colorado River flow, we have learned that

   

the flow of the river is expected to decrease within the next 25 years

   

the flow of the Colorado remained the same from year-to-year before the construction of large dams

   

the flow of the Colorado River has fluctuated greatly over the last 800 years

   

we have dramatically under-allocated the Colorado’s water.

1 points

 

 

Question 8

1. Which two factors most contributed to the Great Plains Dust Bowl of the 1930s?

 

   

rapid urban growth and aridity

   

deforestation and erosion

   

over-plowing and drought

   

over-hunting and flooding

1 points

 

 

Question 9

1. Which statement about Great Plains population distribution is most accurate?

 

   

populations in rural areas have grown rapidly since 1950 due to increases in tourism and construction

   

populations in urban areas have decreased since 1950 as people have “gone back to the land” to work farms abandoned during the Dust Bowl

   

the population of every county across the entire region has steadily increased since 1950 with the boom in the oil economy

   

populations in rural areas have decreased in many places since 1950 due to the increasing efficiency of modern agricultural practices

1 points

 

 

Question 10

1. Thomas Malthus’ theory on population growth and food production

 

   

considers affluence and technology as important variables

   

has unequivocally been proven correct

   

has unequivocally been proven wrong

   

does not take into account many social, economic, institutional, and cultural variables

1 points

 

 

Question 11

1. The urban garden and community agriculture movement in the United States can best be described as

 

   

subsistence agriculture

   

industrial agriculture

   

cash-crop agriculture

   

none of these answers

1 points

 

 

Question 12

1. The infrastructure of informal settlements, sometimes referred to as slums, squatter settlements, and favelas, is typically characterized by

 

   

a lack of indoor plumbing

   

all of the these answers

   

the use of a variety of scrap materials to build homes

   

unpaved streets

1 points

 

 

Question 13

1. Food prices and oil (petroleum) prices

 

   

exhibit a positive relationship; as oil prices increase food prices tend to increase

   

tend to not be related

   

remain steady from year to year

   

exhibit a negative relationship; as oil prices increase food prices tend to decrease

1 points

 

 

Question 14

1. “Path-dependency” as illustrated by Turner and McCandless (2004) “How Humankind Came to Rival Nature” refers to

   

the transition to a “planetary” society

   

the steady upward trajectory of human civilization

   

the current socioeconomic and environmental conditions that constrain or expand future possibilities

   

the lack of precedent for the scale of contemporary environmental changes

1 points

 

 

Question 15

1. Some scientists have argued that using the term Anthropocene is redundant. Why?

 

   

Because modern humans have existed throughout the Pleistocene Epoch for the last 2.5 million years

   

Because the Holocene Epoch, in which we currently live, already denotes a time when the human imprint is widespread

   

Because humans cannot really cause lasting damage or change the global environment

   

Because humans have modified the global environment since at least the Industrial Revolution

1 points

 

 

Question 16

1. In the Cartesian formulation from the European enlightenment, man is separate from, and superior to, nature. This make nature

 

   

a dangerous and terrifying object

   

an inferior and exploitable object

   

an interdependent and embodied object

   

a separate and sacred object

1 points

 

 

Question 17

1. What is the average depth of the Ocean?

 

   

7,800 meters

   

15,000 meters

   

3,800 meters

   

1,000 meters

1 points

 

 

Question 18

1. According to the charts from Raskin et al. in the lecture, which of the following systems of social organization, forms of economy, and communications technology characterizes the current “Planetary Phase?”

 

   

tribe/village, hunting/gathering, language, respectively

   

nation-state, industrial system, and printing, respectively

   

city-state/kingdom, settled agriculture, writing, respectively

   

global governance, globalization, and the internet, respectively

1 points

 

 

Question 19

1. LUCC science has emerged as an important field in the last half of the 20th century due primarily to the analytical power of

   

historical records of the use of fire

   

population growth records

   

urbanization

   

satellite remote sensing

1 points

 

 

Question 20

1. Which of the following cities has grown in recent decades in part due to rural displacement caused by the expansion of the oil industry?

 

   

Lagos, Nigeria

   

Los Angeles, USA

   

Beijing, China

   

Detroit, USA

1 points

 

 

Question 21

1. The variables in the I=PAT equation for understanding environmental change due to population growth are defined as

 

   

impact = (population) (affluence) (technology)

   

impact = (personality) (affluence) (time)

   

institutions = (population) (affluence) (time)

   

institutions = (personality) (affluence) (time)

1 points

 

 

Question 22

1. In 1950, half of the world’s 10 largest cities were in Europe and the United States. How many European and U.S. cities are projected to be in the list of the world’s 10 largest cities in 2025?

 

   

1

   

5

   

7

   

6

1 points

 

 

Question 23

1. The largest share of population growth in the 21st century is expected to come from

 

   

China

   

Europe

   

the more developed countries

   

the less developed countries

1 points

 

 

Question 24

1. In the 1980s and 1990s, which trend was observed in the relationship between cultivated land and cereal yields globally?

   

both cereal yields and the amount of land in cultivation increased

   

the amount of land in cultivation increased while cereal yields decreased

   

cereal yields increased while the amount of land in cultivation decreased

   

both cereal yields and the amount of land in cultivation decreased

1 points

 

 

Question 25

1. In the reading from Jared Diamond (2005) “Malthus in Africa,” it was revealed that

 

   

population growth and high population densities put stressors on land and resources that contributed to the Rwandan genocide of the 1990s

   

women in Sub-Saharan Africa ultimately had no say in the number of children they had, therefore leading to increasing population growth rates

   

the factors that influence women’s and family’s choices about how many children to have in Sub-Saharan Africa are many and complex

   

population growth and high population densities were a significant cause of the HIV/Aids epidemic and the resulting “missing” population of Sub-Saharan Africa

1 points

 

 

Question 26

1. In the LUCC case of Brazilian deforestation, which of the following best exemplifies an underlying cause?

   

the farmer in the slide show physically planting soy beans

   

increasing international demand in urban areas for soy products

   

ranchers and cowboys cutting down trees for cattle pasture

   

the cattle eating new tree growth

1 points

 

 

Question 27

1. Hardin’s (1968) “Tragedy of the Commons” idea is best exemplified by

 

   

over-fishing in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland

   

the Rwandan genocide

   

population decline in the Adriatic region of southern Europe

   

China’s one-child policy

1 points

 

 

Question 28

1. Which of the following cities has lost population in recent decades in part due to the decline of the manufacturing economy?

 

   

Lagos, Nigeria

   

Beijing, China

   

Detroit, USA

   

Los Angeles, USA

1 points

 

 

Question 29

1. About what percent of the world’s population lives in urban areas today?

 

   

10%

   

50%

   

80%

   

20%

1 points

 

 

Question 30

1. In the 1990s and early 2000s, _____ experienced the greatest rise in the number of people living on less than $0.50 per day.

   

Latin America

   

Pacific Islands

   

Sub Saharan Africa

   

south Asia

1 points

 

 

Question 31

1. In terms of population, Europe has

 

   

has experienced internal displacement due to civil war

   

offered monetary incentives to families to have additional children

   

experienced high rates of in migration from Africa and the Middle East

   

adopted a strict family planning policy to limit population growth

1 points

 

 

Question 32

1. Which of the following was not a recommendation of John Wesley Powell in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States?

   

change the size of land allotments under the homestead act

   

discontinue Eastern riparian water laws and adopt a new water law for the West

   

redraw state boundaries around major river watersheds

   

large dams and reservoirs should be built by private companies and individuals

1 points

 

 

Question 33

1. In LUCC science, land use refers to

 

   

the social, economic, political, cultural and institutional factors that define how land should be used

   

the natural covering of land existing before human modification

   

the physical covering of land whether it is natural or human created

   

the human alteration of an environment, for instance from forest to cropland

1 points

 

 

Question 34

1. Stage 1 of the demographic transition model is characterized by

 

   

low birth rates, low death rates, but high population

   

low birth rates, low death rates, and decreasing population

   

high birth rates, high death rates, and low population

   

high birth rates, declining death rates, and rapidly increasing population

1 points

 

 

Question 35

1. During the summer of 2015, most migrants in Europe’s refugee “crisis” intended to reach which country as their final destination?

 

   

Germany

   

Hungary

   

Greece

   

Slovakia

1 points

 

 

Question 36

1. During the second half of the 20th century in the United States, Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo all _____ population; while Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles all _____ population.

 

   

gained; lost

   

gained; gained

   

lost; gained

   

lost; lost

1 points

 

 

Question 37

1. In terms of global demographics, the term “demographic divide” refers to

 

   

the inability of many countries to pass beyond stage 1 of the demographic transition model

   

the social and political differences between generations, such as the baby boom generation and the millennial generation.

   

the ways demographers divide country populations based on gender, age, and income levels

   

the different population profiles that characterize LDCs vs. MDCs

1 points

 

 

Question 38

1. Which environmental philosophy challenges the “Western” opposition of man and nature most directly?

 

   

Environmental preservation

   

Conservation management

   

Transcendentalism

   

Ecofeminism

1 points

 

 

Question 39

1. A country growing at a rate of 2 percent per year would be expected to double its population in

 

   

35 years

   

70 years

   

20 years

   

200 years

1 points

 

 

Question 40

1. The Bureau of Reclamation’s earliest projects in the 1900s and 1910s included

 

   

a desalination plant at Yuma

   

the CAP

   

Glen Canyon Dam and the Los Angeles Aqueduct

   

Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River

1 points

 

 

Question 41

1. In the reading from William Cronon (1992) “A Place for Stories,” the two differing story arcs that shape our understanding of human-caused environmental changes are different in that they present a

 

   

objective vs. subjective view

   

pro vs. con view

   

declensionist vs. progressive narrative

   

disagreement about the basic facts and evidence

1 points

 

 

Question 42

1. The overall human population of the earth is _____. The overall population growth rate is _____.

 

   

decreasing; also decreasing

   

increasing; also increasing

   

increasing; decreasing

   

decreasing; increasing

1 points

 

 

Question 43

1. In terms of population, Russia has

 

   

experienced high rates of in migration from Africa and the Middle East

   

offered monetary incentives to families to have additional children

   

adopted a strict family planning policy to limit population growth

   

has experienced internal displacement due to civil war

1 points

 

 

Question 44

1. All of the following are associated with the modern food system except

   

a large, hungry urban population

   

widespread subsistence farming

   

factory farming

   

a large number of food miles

1 points

 

 

Question 45

1. In terms of population, Colombia has

 

   

offered monetary incentives to families to have additional children

   

has experienced internal displacement due to civil war

   

experienced high rates of in migration from Africa and the Middle East

   

adopted a strict family planning policy to limit population growth

1 points

 

 

Question 46

1. The Green Revolution (GR) beginning in the 1960s refers to

   

the advances of agricultural science and increasing crop yields combined with the diplomatic and political work to distribute those advances to LDCs

   

the social upheaval that lead to the founding of modern environmental organizations and events such as Earth Day

   

the cultural and economic changes experienced in China as a result of the Great Leap Forward

   

the advances of agricultural science and increasing crop yields

1 points

 

 

Question 47

1. In Turner and McCandless (2004) “How Humankind Came to Rival Nature” and the charts from Raskin et al. in the lecture, the phases of human development follow a logarithmic-logistic model where the duration of each subsequent era decreases by a factor of 10. For instance, the stone age lasts 100,000 years while the early civilization age lasts only 10,000 years. Why might this be?

 

   

the societal transitions are spurred by not only technological advances but also population, which has a tendency to increase exponentially and spur changes in the the organization of society

   

there are regular environmental changes that happen naturally, without any influence from humans, and at the same time as the great societal transitions

   

At each transition there has been a major social or environmental catastrophe which forced people to advance to a new phase

   

in each phase people are much smarter than before, so they need less time to transition to a new era

1 points

 

 

Question 48

1. As people in developing countries become more affluent, a greater proportion of their diet will likely consist of

   

rice

   

meat

   

fresh fruits

   

fresh vegetables

1 points

 

 

Question 49

1. It has been argued that the start date for the Anthropocene is

 

   

difficult to identify because humans have always modified the environment in some ways

   

about 1950, with large increases in fossil fuel use

   

all of these answers

   

about 1800, with the Industrial Revolution

1 points

 

 

Question 50

1. In the reading from John Tierney (1986) “Fanisi’s Choice,” it was revealed that

 

 

   

population growth and high population densities put stressors on land and resources that contributed to the Rwandan genocide of the 1990s

   

women in Sub-Saharan Africa ultimately had no say in the number of children they had, therefore leading to increasing population growth rates

   

the factors that influence women’s and family’s choices about how many children to have in Sub-Saharan Africa are many and complex

   

population growth and high population densities were a significant cause of the HIV/Aids epidemic and the resulting “missing” population of Sub-Saharan Africa

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